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ROLE OF IMMUNE RESPONSE

Balancing the immune response in sepsis patients is a key factor for improved outcomes.1,2

Anti-inflammatory therapies alone fail to save sepsis lives1

  • Imbalance of the immune system in sepsis patients is one of the main causes of their poor prognosis.2                   
  • By restoring immune function and balance, it is possible to protect organ function and reduce harm in patients with immune imbalances.2                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
  • Immune-response modulation primarily targets the inflammatory response—helping to balance and regulate it.2 

Since anti-inflammatory therapies alone have not been effective in reducing sepsis mortality, strategies that help rebalance the immune system offer a more promising approach.1

The simultaneous presence of low levels of the endogenous immunoglobulins IgG, IgM and IgA in plasma is associated with reduced survival in patients with severe sepsis or septic shock.3

Learn more about the importance of targeting immune response in sepsis patients

References:

  1. Cui J, et al. The clinical efficacy of intravenous IgM-enriched    immunoglobulin (pentaglobin) in sepsis or septic shock: a meta-analysis with trial sequential analysis. Ann Intensive Care.  2019;9(1):27. 
  2. Cao M, et al. Immune dysregulation in sepsis: experiences,        lessons  and perspectives. Cell Death Discov 2023;9(1):465. 
  3. Bermejo-Martín JF, et al. Immunoglobulins IgG1, IgM and IgA: a synergistic team influencing survival in sepsis. J Intern Med.   2014;276(4):404 –12. 
  4. Panda S et al. Natural antibodies bridge innate and adaptive     immunity. J Immunol. 2015;194(1):13 – 20. 
  5. Maddur MS, et al. Natural Antibodies: from First-Line Defense   Against Pathogens to Perpetual Immune Homeostasis. Clin Rev Allergy Immunol. 2020;58(2):213 – 228 
  1. Schroeder Jr HW et al. Structure and function of immunoglobulins. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2010;125(2 Suppl 2):S41-52.
  2. Liu J, et al. Role of the IgM Fc Receptor in Immunity and           Tolerance.  Front Immunol. 2019:10:529.
  3. Busani S, et al. Intravenous immunoglobulin in septic shock: review of the mechanisms of action and meta-analysis of the      clinical effectiveness. Minerva Anestesiol. 2016;82(5):559 – 572.
  4. Nierhaus A, et al. Best-practice IgM- and IgA-enriched           immunoglobulin use in patients with sepsis. Ann Intensive Care. 2020;10(7):132.
  5.  Wand A, et al. IgM-Enriched Immunoglobulin Attenuates Systemic Endotoxin Activity in Early Severe Sepsis: A Before-After Cohort Study. PLoS ONE. 2016;11(8):e0160907.
  6. Bohländer F. A new hope? Possibilities of therapeutic IgA           antibodies in the treatment of inflammatory lung diseases.         Frontiers in Immunology. 2023;1–17. 

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IMMUNOGLOBULINS IgG, IgM and IgA:
 A SYNERGISTIC TEAM INFLUENCING SURVIVAL IN SEPSIS3

  • Immunoglobulins regulate and modulate various defence mechanisms that promote an adequate immune response.4,5                  

Three main classes of immunoglobulins circulate in human plasma: IgM, IgG and IgA, each with distinct characteristics.6

IgM
 PRIMARY RESPONSE

  • is the first antibody produced during an infection7
  • agglutinates pathogens8
  • is the strongest activator of the complement system which results in a rapid and effective immune response4
  • has a modulatory effect on the complement system9
  • binds and neutralizes inflammatory factors and bacterial toxins4,10 

IgG
 SECONDARY RESPONSE

  • is the predominant immunoglobulin class in blood6
  • plays an important role in the opsonization of pathogens and activation of phagocytosis6
  • can activate the classical pathway of the complement system6 

IgA
MUCOSAL RESPONSE

  • is the predominant immunoglobulin class in the mucosa11
  • task consists of agglutination and opsonization of pathogens11
  • influences the modulation of immune cell functions11

Precise regulation of the excessive inflammatory response and immunosuppressive state of the body in sepsis patients can be the key to treating sepsis2

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  • Imbalance of the immune system in sepsis patients is one of the main causes of their poor prognosis.2                   
  • By restoring immune function and balance, it is possible to protect organ function and reduce harm in patients with immune imbalances.2                                                                                                                 
  • Immune-response modulation primarily targets the inflammatory response—helping to balance and regulate it.2 

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